{"id":128,"date":"2026-02-12T09:12:25","date_gmt":"2026-02-12T09:12:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/?page_id=128"},"modified":"2026-05-30T21:32:20","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T21:32:20","slug":"topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/?page_id=128","title":{"rendered":"TOPICS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"128\" class=\"elementor elementor-128\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1651026 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1651026\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbe6a1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccbe6a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-624c515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"624c515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1695\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-30\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5.png 1695w, https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-1024x234.png 1024w, https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-768x175.png 768w, https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-1536x351.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1695px) 100vw, 1695px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bc11b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44bc11b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30ef449 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30ef449\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86637a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"86637a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Olympiad Topics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ad87ae e-con-full eael_liquid_glass_shadow-effect4 e-flex eael_liquid_glass-effect1 e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ad87ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b32ca e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b1b32ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d3cd4c elementor-align-justify elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7d3cd4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#English\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-paper-plane\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ENGLISH<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2730 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b3e2730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#esp\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-paper-plane\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">ESPA\u00d1OL<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b263823 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b263823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#fra\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-paper-plane\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41da6d1 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"41da6d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#de\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-paper-plane\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DEUTSCH<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b22f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d3b22f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84a16cb e-con-full eael_liquid_glass_shadow-effect4 e-flex eael_liquid_glass-effect1 e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84a16cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"English\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00626e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00626e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ENGLISH<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d94ec3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d94ec3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>1.<\/strong> The origin of action &#8211; its efficient, not its final cause &#8211; is choice, and that of choice is desire and reasoning with a view to an end. This is why choice cannot exist either without reason and intellect or without a moral state; for good action and its opposite cannot exist without a combination of intellect and character.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-028de01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"028de01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Aristotle, <\/b><i>The Nicomachean Ethics<\/i>, <span class=\"s1\">1139a30-35<\/span>, translated by David Ross, London: Oxford<\/p><p class=\"p1\">University Press, 1925.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1441b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1441b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>2.<\/strong> How could there be destruction<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Without becoming?<\/p><p class=\"p1\">How could there be death without birth?<\/p><p class=\"p1\">There is no destruction without becoming.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9dfb0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9dfb0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Nagarjuna, <\/b><i>Mulamadhyamakakarika,<\/i> <i>The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way<\/i>. Chapter<\/p><p class=\"p1\">XXI, 2<i>. <\/i>Translation and Commentary by Jay L. Garfield.<i> <\/i>New York Oxford: Oxford<\/p><p class=\"p1\">University Press, 1995.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c267f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c267f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Thinking reed. It is not in space that I must look for my dignity, but in the organization of my thoughts. I shall have no advantage in owning estates. Through space the universe grasps and engulfs me like a pinpoint; through thought I can grasp it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c57dfc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c57dfc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Blaise Pascal<\/b>, 1999. <i>Pensees<\/i>, \u00a7 145. Transl. by Honor Levy.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">New York: Oxford Univversity Press, p. 36.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5061d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5061d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>4.<\/strong> We live in a fantasy world, a world of illusion. The great task in life is to find reality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16690b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16690b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Iris Murdoch<\/b>, \u201cLife, Reality, Tasks,\u201d The Times, 15 April 1983.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7beefc6 e-con-full eael_liquid_glass_shadow-effect4 e-flex eael_liquid_glass-effect1 e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7beefc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"esp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e829fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e829fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ESPA\u00d1OL<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99db813 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99db813\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>1.<\/strong> El principio de la acci\u00f3n-aquello de donde parte el movimiento, no el fin que persigue&#8211;es la elecci\u00f3n, y el de la elecci\u00f3n el deseo y la elecci\u00f3n orientada a un fin. Por eso ni sin entendimiento y reflexi\u00f3n, ni sin disposici\u00f3n moral hay elecci\u00f3n. Porque la buena acci\u00f3n y su opuesto no pueden existir sin una combinaci\u00f3n de intelecto y car\u00e1cter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1778d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a1778d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Arist\u00f3teles, <\/b><i>\u00c9tica a Nic\u00f3maco<\/i>, <span class=\"s1\">1139a30-35<\/span>, trad. de Mar\u00eda Araujo y Juli\u00e1n Mar\u00edas, Madrid:<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Centro de Estudios Pol\u00edticos y Constitucionales, 1999 (\u00faltima frase revisada por JDR).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1743028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1743028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>2.<\/strong> \u00bfC\u00f3mo va a existir la destrucci\u00f3n sin la generaci\u00f3n,<\/p><p class=\"p1\">la muerte sin el na cimi ento?,<\/p><p class=\"p1\">la destrucci\u00f3n no existe sin el surgimiento.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-738de1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"738de1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b><i>Nag\u00e1rjuna,<\/i><\/b><i> Versos sobre los fundamentos del camino medio (M\u00fclamadhyamakak\u00fcrik\u00e1)<\/i><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Introducci\u00f3n, traducci\u00f3n y notas de Abraham V\u00e9lez de Cea<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Barcelona: Editorial Kairos, 2003.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c17f81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c17f81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Ca\u00f1a pensante. No es en el espacio en donde debo buscar mi dignidad, sino en la regulaci\u00f3n de mi pensamiento. No tendr\u00e9 ventaja por poseer tierras. Por el espacio, el universo me comprende y devora como un punto: por el pensamiento, lo comprendo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c11593e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c11593e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Blaise Pascal<\/b>. 2025. <i>Pensamientos<\/i>. Traducci\u00f3n: Gabriel Albiac. Titivillus, L113 \/ B348,<\/p><p class=\"p1\">P\u00e1gina 103.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9987618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9987618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">4. Vivimos en un mundo de fantas\u00eda, un mundo de ilusiones. La gran tarea de la vida consiste en encontrar la realidad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d61aa6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d61aa6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Iris Murdoch, <\/b>\u201cLife, Reality, Tasks,\u201d <i>The Times, <\/i>15 April 1983 (Traducci\u00f3n original).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6c051a e-con-full eael_liquid_glass_shadow-effect4 e-flex eael_liquid_glass-effect1 e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b6c051a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"fra\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c3f01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31c3f01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FRAN\u00c7AIS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4614bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4614bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>1.<\/strong> Ainsi donc, l\u2019action a pour point de d\u00e9part la d\u00e9cision, laquelle est \u00e0 l\u2019origine du mouvement, mais n\u2019est pas son objectif, tandis que la d\u00e9cision a pour point de d\u00e9part le d\u00e9sir et la raison qui a un objectif. De ce fait, la d\u00e9cision ne peut se passer ni d\u2019intelligence et de pens\u00e9e, ni d\u2019un \u00e9tat moral, car le succ\u00e8s ou son contraire dans l\u2019action ne vont pas sans la pens\u00e9e et un caract\u00e8re.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8026f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8026f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Aristote, <\/b><i>\u00c9tique \u00e0 Nicomaque<\/i>, <span class=\"s1\">1139a30-35<\/span>, trad. de Richard Bod\u00e9\u00fcs,<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Paris: Flammarion, 1997.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1666e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1666e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">2. Comment pourrait-il y avoir destruction<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Sans devenir ?<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Comment pourrait-il y avoir mort sans naissance ?<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Il n&#8217;y a pas de destruction sans devenir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d890463 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d890463\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Nagarjuna<\/b>,<b> <\/b><\/span><i>La sagesse fondamentale de la Voie du Milieu.<\/i><\/p><p class=\"p1\"><i>Le *Mulamadhyamakakarika* de Nagarjuna<\/i> (Traduction originelle).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541a89f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"541a89f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Roseau pensant. Ce n\u2019est point de l\u2019espace que je dois chercher ma dignit\u00e9, mais c\u2019est du r\u00e8glement de ma pens\u00e9e. Je n&#8217;aurai point d\u2019avantage en poss\u00e9dant des terres. Par l\u2019espace l\u2019univers me comprend et m\u2019engloutit comme un point : par la pens\u00e9e je le comprends.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a5a85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a5a85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Blaise Pascal. <\/b><i>Pens\u00e9es. <\/i>Texte \u00e9tabli par Louis Lafuma<i>. <\/i>L 113 (B 348).<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Paris: \u00c9ditions du Seuil, p. 67.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a76adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a76adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>4.<\/strong> Nous vivons dans un monde imaginaire, un monde d&#8217;illusions. La grande mision de la vie consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir la r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b72598f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b72598f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Iris Murdoch, <\/b>\u201cLife, Reality, Tasks,\u201d <i>The Times, <\/i>15 April 1983 (Traduction originelle).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cacf2a e-con-full eael_liquid_glass_shadow-effect4 e-flex eael_liquid_glass-effect1 e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cacf2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"de\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44bbb8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"44bbb8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DEUTSCH<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ba7fb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ba7fb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>1.<\/strong> Der Ursprung der Handlung ist nun die Entscheidung. Sie ist aber der Anfang der Bewegung, nicht ihr Zweck; der Ursprung der Entscheidung sind hingegen das Streben und die dem Zweck geltende \u00dcberlegung. Eine Entscheidung kann es daher weder ohne Vernunft und Denken noch auch ohne eine Charakterdisposition geben.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fee2e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fee2e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Aristoteles, <\/b><i>Nikomachische Ethik<\/i>, <span class=\"s1\">1139a30-35<\/span>, \u00fcbersetzt von Dorothea Frede, Berlin\/Boston:<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Walter de Gruyter, 2020.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86027af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86027af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>2.<\/strong> W\u00e4re er unabh\u00e4ngig vom Werdenden, was w\u00e4re dann Zerfall?<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Da\u00df zum Beispiel das Sterben vom Leben unabh\u00e4ngig w\u00e4re, ist<\/p><p class=\"p1\">jedenfalls nicht richtig<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5f6c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5f6c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Nagarjuna, <\/b><\/span><i>Die Lehre von der Mitte (Mula-madhyamaka-karika)Zhong Lun Chinesisch \u2013<\/i><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Aus dem chinesischen Text des Kumarajiva \u00fcbersetzt<i> <\/i>und mit einem Kommentar<\/p><p class=\"p1\"><i>Deutsch <\/i>herausgegeben von Lutz Geldsetzer<i> <\/i>Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2010.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a78520a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a78520a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>3.<\/strong> Denkendes Schilfrohr. Nicht im Raum muss ich meine W\u00fcrde suchen, sondern in der<\/p><p>Ordnung meines Denkens. Ich h\u00e4tte gar keinen Vorteil davon, L\u00e4ndereien zu besitzen. Durch den Raum erfasst und verschlingt mich das Universum, durch das Denken erfasse ich es. Denkendes Schilfrohr. Nicht im Raum muss ich meine W\u00fcrde suchen, sondern in der Ordnung meines Denkens. Ich h\u00e4tte gar keinen Vorteil davon, L\u00e4ndereien zu besitzen. Durch den Raum erfasst und verschlingt mich das Universum, durch das Denken erfasse ich es.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83f08fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83f08fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Blaise Pascal<\/b>. 2016. <i>Pens\u00e9es \u2013 Gedanken<\/i>. Ediert und kommentiert von Philippe Sellier. Aus<\/p><p class=\"p1\">dem Franz\u00f6sischen \u00fcbersetzt und mit einer Konkordanz von Sylvia Schiewe.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">WBG: Darmstadt. S145 \/ L113 \/ B348, S. 96.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b405c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b405c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>4.<\/strong> Wir leben in einer Fantasiewelt, einer Welt der Illusionen. Die gro\u00dfe Aufgabe im Leben besteht darin, die Wirklichkeit zu finden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-045c4f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"045c4f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Iris Murdoch, <\/b>\u201cLife, Reality, Tasks,\u201d <i>The Times, <\/i>15 April 1983 (Original\u00fcbersetzung).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Olympiad Topics ENGLISH ESPA\u00d1OL FRAN\u00c7AIS DEUTSCH ENGLISH 1. The origin of action &#8211; its efficient, not its final cause &#8211; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-128","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=128"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/128\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":764,"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/128\/revisions\/764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipo2026.uw.edu.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}